PUBLICATIONS
Levin, B., F. M. Stewart and L. Chao. 1977. Resource-limited
growth, competition, and predation: a model and experimental
studies with bacteria and bacteriophage. American Naturalist
111:3-24.
Chao, L., Levin, B. R., & Stewart, F. M. 1977. A complex
community in a simple habitat: an experimental study with
bacteria and phage. Ecology 58:369-378.
Goguen, J. D. & L. Chao. 1980. Estimating total genic
diversity: Problems with the method of Bonhomme and Selander.
Biochemical Genetics 18:333-335.
Chao, L. & B. R. Levin. 1981. Structured Habitats and
the evolution of anticompetitor toxins in bacteria. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 78:6324-6328.
Chao, L. & Cox, E. C. 1983. Competition between high and
low mutating strains of Escherichia coli. Evolution 37:125-134.
Chao, L., Vargas, C., Spear, B. B., & Cox, E. C. 1983.
Transposable elements as mutator genes in evolution. Nature
303:633-635.
Chao, L. & G. Ramsdell. 1985. The effects of wall populations
on coexistence of bacteria in the liquid phase of chemostat
cultures. Journal of General Microbiology 131:1229-1236.
Chao, L. & McBroom, S. 1985. Evolution of transposable
elements: an IS10 insertion increases fitness in Escherichia
coli. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2:359-369.
Chao, L. 1986. Using Negative Cross-Resistance to Reduce Levels
of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacterial Populations. In Banbury
Report 24: Antibiotic Resistance Genes: Ecology, Transfer,
and Expression, S. Levy & R. Novick, Ed. (Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory, New York).
Chao, L. 1988. Evolution of Sex in RNA Viruses. Journal of
Theoretical Biology 133:99-112.
Chao, L. 1990. Fitness of RNA virus decreased by Muller's
ratchet. Nature 348:454-455.
Chao, L. 1991. Units of Selection, Evolution of Sex in RNA
Viruses, and the Origin of Life. Journal of Theoretical Biology
153:229-246.
Chao, L., T. Trang, and C. Matthews. 1992. Muller's ratchet
and the advantage of sex in the RNA virus f6. Evolution 46:289-299.
Chao, L. 1992. Evolution of Sex in RNA Viruses. Trends in
Ecology and Evolution 7:147-151.
Chao, L. 1992. Reply to W. D. Hamilton. Letter to the Editor.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7:278.
Chao, L. and D. E. Carr. 1993. The Molecular Clock and the
Relationship between Population Size and Generation Time.
Evolution 47:688-690.
Stephan, W., L. Chao and J Smale. 1993. The Advance of Muller's
Ratchet in a Haploid Asexual Population: Approximate Solutions
Based on Diffusion Theory. Genetical Research, Cambridge 61:225-231.
Chao, L. 1994. Evolution of Genetic Exchange in RNA Viruses.
In The Evolutionary Biology of Viruses (ed. Morse, S. S.),
p. 233-250. Raven Press, New York.
Gill, D. E., L. Chao, S. L. Perkins and J. B. Wolf. 1995.
Genetic mosaicism in plants and clonal animals. Ann. Rev.
Ecol. Syst. 26:423-444.
Rang, C. U., R. M. Kennan, T. Midtvedt, L. Chao and P. L.
Conway. 1996. Transfer of the RP1 plasmid in vivo in germfree
mice and in vitro in gut extracts and laboratory media. FEMS
Microbiology Ecology 19:133-140.
Francino, M. P., L. Chao, M. A. Riley, and H. Ochman. 1996.
Asymmetries Generated by Transcription-Coupled Repair in Enterobacterial
Genes. Science 272:107-109.
Fenster, C., L. Galloway, and L. Chao. 1997. Epistasis and
its consequences for the evolution of natural populations.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12:282-286.
Fenster, C. B., L. Chao, and L. F. Galloway. 1997. Reply to
H. T. Band. Correspondence. Trends in Ecology and Evolution
12:400.
Chao, L., T. T. Trang, and T. T. Trang. 1997. The Advantage
of Sex in the RNA Phage f6. Genetics 147:953-959.
Chao, L. 1997. Evolution of Polyandry in a Communal Breeding
System. Behavioral Ecology 8:668-674.
Chao, L. 1997. Evolution of Sex and the Molecular Clock in
RNA viruses. Gene 205:301-308.
Turner, P. E. and L. Chao. 1998. Sex and the evolution of
intrahost competition in RNA virus f6. Genetics 150: 523-532.
Rang, C. U., T. R. Licht, T. Midvedt, P. L. Conway, L. Chao,
K. A. Krogfelt, P. S. Cohen and S. Molin. 1999. Estimation
of growth rates of Escherichia coli BJ4 in monoassociated,
streptomycin-treated and conventional mice by in situ rRNA
hybridization. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology
6: 434-436.
Turner, P. E., C. L. Burch, K. Hanley and L. Chao. 1999. Hybrid
frequencies confirm limit to coinfection in the RNA bacteriophage
f6. Journal of Virology 73:2420-2424.
Burch, C. B. and L. Chao. 1999. Evolution by small steps and
rugged landscapes in the RNA virus f6. Genetics 151:921-927.
Turner, P. E. and L. Chao. 1999. Prisoner’s Dilemma
in an RNA Virus. Nature 398:441-443
.
Chao, L. 2000. The Meaning of Life. BioScience 50:245-250.
Chao, L., K. Hanley, C. L. Burch, C. Dahlberg, and P. E. Turner.
2000. Kin Selection and Parasite Evolution: Higher and Lower
Virulence with Hard and Soft Selection. Quarterly Review of
Biology 75:261-275.
Burch, L. C. and L. Chao. 2000. Evolvability of an RNA virus
determined by its mutational neighborhood. Nature 406:625-628.
Rang, C. U., T. Midtvedt, S. Molin, and L. Chao. 2001. Persistence
of E. coli in conventionalized mono-associated and streptomycin-treated
mice: A chemostat modeling of experimental data. Canadian
Journal of Microbiology 47:86-90.
Lance, S. and L. Chao. 2001. Sperm-expenditure strategies:
the role of mating order, sperm precedence, and non-optimal
behavior. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79:1322-1329.
Chao, L., C. U. Rang, and L. E. Wong. 2002. The distribution
of spontaneous mutants and inferences about the replication
mode of the RNA bacteriophage f6. J. of Virology 76:3276–3281.
Turner, P. E. and L. Chao. 2003. Escape from the prisoner's
dilemma in RNA phage f6. American Naturalist 161:497-505.
Lythgoe, K. and L. Chao. 2003. The importance of random mutations
for the coexistence of a bacteria and a bacteriophage. Ecology
Letters 6: 326-334.
Lorch, P. D. and L Chao. 2003. Selection for multiple mating
in females due to mates that reduce female fitness. Behavioral
Ecology 14:679–686.
de Visser, J. A. G.M., J. Hermisson, G. P. Wagner, L. A. Meyers,
H. Bagheri-Chaichian, J. L. Blanchard, L.Chao, J. M. Cheverud,
S. F. Elena, W. Fontana, G. Gibson, T. F. Hansen, D. Krakauer,
R. C. Lewontin, C. Ofria, S. H. Rice, G. von Dassow, A. Wagner,
and M. C. Whitlock. 2003. Perspective: Evolution And Detection
Of Genetic Robustness. Evolution. 57:1959–1972
Dahlberg, C. and L. Chao. 2003. Amelioration of the cost of
conjugative plasmid carriage in Eschericha Coli K12. Genetics
165:1641-1649.
Rang, C.U., J. E. Galen, J. B. Kaper, and L. Chao. 2003. Fitness
cost of the Green Fluorescent Protein in gastrointestinal
bacteria. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 49:531-537.
Poon, A. and L. Chao. 2004. Drift increases the advantage
of sex in RNA bacteriophage Phi6. Genetics 166:19-24.
Ackermann, M. and L. Chao. 2004. Evolution of Cooperation:
Two for One? Current Biology 14:R73-R74.
Burch, C. L. and L. Chao. 2004. Epistasis and its relationship
to canalization in the RNA virus f6. Genetics 167:559-567.
Rémy Froissart, Claus O. Wilke, Rebecca Montville,
Susanna K. Remold, Lin Chao and Paul E. Turner. 2004. Co-infection
weakens selection against epistatic mutations in RNA viruses.
Genetics 168:9-19.
Poon, A. and L. Chao. 2005. The Coupon Collector and the suppressor
mutation: estimating the number of compensatory alleles by
maximum likelihood. Genetics 170:1323-1332.
Poon, A. and L. Chao. 2005. The Rate of Compensatory Mutation
in the DNA Bacteriophage phiX174. Genetics 170:989-999.
Silander, Olin K., Daniel M. Weinreich, Kevin M. Wright, Kara
J. O’Keefe, Camilla U. Rang, Paul E. Turner and Lin
Chao. The Frequency of Reassortment in Cystoviridae Phage
and Implications for Genetic Modularity (in press).
Olin K. Silander, Olivier Tenaillon and Lin Chao. Epistasis
and the Distribution of Mutational Effects (in preparation).
Ackermann, M., Chao, L. and Doebeli, M. On the Evolutionary
Origin of Aging (in preparation).
Weinreich, D. M., R. Watson, and L. Chao 2005. Perspectives:
Sign epistasis and constraint on evolutionary trajectories.
Evolution 59:1165-1174.
Weinreich, D. M., and L. Chao 2005. Rapid evolutionary escape
in large populations from local peaks on the Wrightian
fitness
landscape. Evolution 59:1175-1182.
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